Britain. The earliest railways employed horses to draw carts along rail tracks. In , William Murdoch, a Scottish inventor, built a small-scale prototype of a steam road locomotive in Birmingham. A full-scale rail steam locomotive was proposed by William Reynolds around An early working model of a steam rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer John Fitch in · Railtrail Tours - Quality escorted rail holidays by train. Enjoy a great rail route on the Jacobite across the Glenfinnan Viaduct and experience stunning views on the Ben Nevis cable cable with a wee dram at the Ben Nevis Distillery · Train travel is making a comeback, and for good reasons that involve romance, nostalgia, adventure, and elegance. While some locomotives offer a way to get from point A to B, others create a magical, once-in-a-lifetime experience that travelers never forget. Here
Steam locomotive - Wikipedia
A steam locomotive is a rail vehicle that provides the force to move itself and other vehicles by means of the expansion of steam. Functionally, it is a steam engine on wheels. In most locomotives, the steam is admitted alternately to each end of its cylindersin which pistons are mechanically connected to the locomotive's main wheels.
Fuel and water supplies are usually carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself or in a tender coupled to it. Variations in this general design include electrically-powered boilers, turbines in place of pistons, and using steam generated externally, single trail harz. Steam locomotives were first developed in the United Kingdom single trail harz the early 19th century and used for railway transport until the middle of the 20th century.
Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive in Salamancabuilt in by Matthew Murray for the Middleton Railwaywas the first commercially successful steam locomotive. In George Stephenson opened the first public inter-city railway, single trail harz, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Robert Stephenson and Company was the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives in the first decades of steam for railways in the United Kingdom, the United States, and much of Europe, single trail harz.
Towards the end of the steam era, a longstanding British emphasis on speed culminated in a record, still unbroken, of miles per hour kilometres per hour by LNER Class Single trail harzMallard.
From the early s, steam locomotives were gradually superseded by electric and diesel locomotiveswith railways fully converting to electric and diesel power beginning in the late s.
The majority of steam locomotives were retired from regular service by the s, although several continue to run single trail harz tourist and heritage lines, single trail harz. The earliest railways employed single trail harz to draw carts along rail tracks.
The model still exists at the Ohio Historical Society Museum in Columbus. The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive, single trail harz, was the 3 ft mm gauge Coalbrookdale Locomotivebuilt by Trevithick in It was constructed for the Coalbrookdale ironworks in Shropshire in the United Kingdom though no record of it working there has survived.
Trevithick visited the Newcastle area in and had a ready audience of colliery coal mine owners and engineers. The visit was so successful that the colliery railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of the steam locomotive. InMatthew Murray 's successful twin-cylinder rack locomotive Salamanca first ran on the edge-railed rack-and-pinion Middleton Railway.
It was intended to work on the Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne. This locomotive is the oldest preserved, and is on static display in the Science Museum, London. Single trail harz Stephensona former miner working as an engine-wright at Killingworth Colliery, developed up to sixteen Killingworth locomotivesincluding Blücher inanother inand a newly identified Killingworth Billy in He also constructed The Duke in for the Kilmarnock and Troon Railwaysingle trail harz, which was the first steam locomotive to work in Scotland.
InGeorge Stephenson built Locomotion No. Inhis son Robert built in Newcastle The Rocketwhich was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials. This success led to the company emerging as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives used on railways in the UK, US and much of Europe. Many of the earliest locomotives for American railroads were imported from Great Britain, including first the Stourbridge Lion and later the John Bull, single trail harz.
However, a domestic locomotive-manufacturing industry was soon established. Inthe Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 's Tom Thumbdesigned by Peter Cooper[19] was the first US-built locomotive to run in America; it was intended as a demonstration single trail harz the potential of steam traction rather than as a revenue-earning locomotive. The DeWitt Clintonbuilt in for the Mohawk and Hudson Railroadwas a notable early locomotive.
As of [update]the original John Bull was on static display in the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History in Washington, D. The first railway service outside the United Kingdom and North America was opened in in France between Saint-Etienne and Lyon ; single trail harz was initially limited to animal traction.
The first steam locomotive in service in Europe was named The Elephantwhich on 5 May hauled a train on the first line in Belgium, single trail harz, linking Mechelen single trail harz Brussels.
In Germany, single trail harz, the first working steam locomotive was a rack-and-pinion engine, similar to the Salamancadesigned by the British locomotive pioneer John Blenkinsop. Built in June by Johann Friedrich Krigar in the Royal Berlin Iron Foundry Königliche Eisengießerei zu Berlinthe locomotive ran on a circular track in the factory yard. It was the first locomotive to be built on the European mainland and the first steam-powered passenger service; curious onlookers could ride in the attached coaches for a fee.
It is single trail harz on a New Year's badge for the Royal Foundry dated Another locomotive was built using the same system in They were to be used on pit railways in Königshütte and in Luisenthal on the Saar today part of Völklingenbut neither could be returned to working order after being dismantled, moved and reassembled.
On 7 Decemberthe Adler ran for the first time between Nuremberg and Fürth on the Bavarian Ludwig Railway. It was the th engine from the locomotive works of Robert Stephenson and stood under patent protection.
In Russia, the first steam locomotive was built in by Cherepanovs. The first Russian Tsarskoye Selo steam railway started in Inthe first steam railway started in Austria on the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway between Vienna-Floridsdorf and Deutsch-Wagram. The oldest continually working steam engine in the world also runs in Austria: the GKB built inhas never been taken out of service, and is still used for special excursions. Inthe third steam locomotive to be built in Germany, the Saxoniawas manufactured by the Maschinenbaufirma Übigau near Dresdenbuilt by Prof.
Johann Andreas Schubert. The first independently designed locomotive in Germany was the Beuthbuilt by August Borsig in The first locomotive produced by Henschel-Werke in Kasselthe Drachewas delivered in The first steam locomotives operating in Italy were the Bayard and the Vesuviorunning on the Napoli-Portici line, in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The first railway line over Swiss territory was the Strasbourg — Basle single trail harz opened in Three years later, inthe first fully Swiss railway line, the Spanisch Brötli Bahnfrom Zürich to Baden was opened.
The fire-tube boiler was standard practice for steam locomotive. Although other types of boiler were evaluated they were not widely used, except for some 1, locomotives in Hungary which used the water-tube Brotan boiler. A boiler consists of a firebox where the fuel is burned, a barrel where water is turned into steam and a smokebox which is kept at a slightly lower pressure than outside the firebox.
Solid fuel, single trail harz, such as wood, single trail harz, coal or coke, is thrown into the firebox through a door by a firemanonto a set of grates which hold the fuel in a bed as it burns. Ash falls through the grate into an ashpan.
If oil is used as the fuel, a door is needed for adjusting the single trail harz flow, maintaining the firebox, and cleaning the oil jets. The fire-tube boiler has internal single trail harz connecting the single trail harz to the smokebox through which the combustion gases flow transferring heat to the water.
All the tubes together provide a large contact area, single trail harz, called the tube heating surface, single trail harz, between the gas and water in the boiler.
Boiler water surrounds the firebox to stop the metal from becoming too hot. This is another area where the gas transfers heat to the water and is called the firebox heating surface. Ash and char collect in the smokebox as the gas gets drawn up the chimney stack or smokestack in the US by the single trail harz steam from the cylinders.
The pressure in the boiler has to be monitored using a gauge mounted in the cab, single trail harz. Steam pressure can be released manually by the driver or fireman. If the pressure reaches the boiler's design working limit, a safety valve opens automatically to reduce the pressure [23] and avoid a catastrophic accident.
The exhaust steam from the engine cylinders shoots out of a nozzle pointing up the chimney in the smokebox. The steam entrains or drags the smokebox gases with it which maintains a lower pressure in the smokebox than that under the firebox grate. This pressure difference causes air to flow up through the coal bed and keeps the fire burning. The search for thermal efficiency greater than that of a typical fire-tube boiler led engineers, such as Nigel Gresleyto consider the water-tube boiler, single trail harz.
Although he tested the concept on the LNER Class W1the difficulties during development exceeded the will to increase efficiency by that route. The steam generated in the boiler not only moves the locomotive, but is also used to operate other devices such as the whistle, the air compressor for the brakes, the pump for replenishing the water in the boiler and the passenger car heating system.
The constant demand for steam requires a periodic replacement of water in the boiler. The water is kept in a tank in the locomotive tender or wrapped around the boiler in the case of a tank locomotive.
Periodic stops are required to refill the tanks; an alternative was single trail harz scoop installed under the tender that collected water as the train passed over a track pan located between the rails. While the locomotive is producing steam, the amount of water in the boiler is constantly monitored single trail harz looking at the water level in a transparent tube, or sight glass.
Efficient and safe operation of the boiler requires keeping the level in between lines marked on the sight glass. If the water level is too high, steam production falls, efficiency is lost and water is carried single trail harz with the steam into the cylinders, possibly causing mechanical damage. More seriously, if the water level gets too low, the crown top sheet of the firebox becomes exposed. Without water on top of the sheet to transfer away the heat of combustion, it softens and fails, letting high-pressure steam into the firebox and the cab.
The development of the fusible pluga temperature-sensitive device, ensured a controlled venting of steam into the firebox to warn the fireman to add water.
Scale builds up in the boiler and single trail harz adequate heat transfer, single trail harz, and corrosion eventually degrades the boiler materials to the point where it needs to be rebuilt or replaced.
Start-up on a large engine may take hours of preliminary heating of the boiler water before sufficient steam is available. Although the boiler is typically placed horizontally, for single trail harz designed to work in locations with steep slopes it may be more appropriate to consider a vertical boiler or one mounted such that the boiler remains horizontal but the wheels are inclined to suit the slope of the rails. The steam generated in the boiler fills the space above the water in the partially filled boiler.
Its maximum working pressure is limited by spring-loaded safety valves. It is then collected either in a perforated tube fitted above the water level or by a dome that often houses the regulator valve, or throttle, the purpose of which is to control the amount of steam leaving the boiler.
The steam then either travels directly along and down a steam pipe to the engine unit or may first pass into the wet header of a superheaterthe role of the latter being to improve thermal efficiency and eliminate water droplets suspended in the "saturated steam", the state in which it leaves the boiler.
On leaving the superheater, the steam exits the dry header of the superheater and passes down a steam pipe, entering the steam chests adjacent to single trail harz cylinders of a reciprocating engine.
Inside each steam chest is a sliding valve that distributes the steam via ports that connect single trail harz steam chest to the ends of the cylinder space. The role of the valves is twofold: admission of each fresh dose of steam, and exhaust of the used steam once it has done its work.
The cylinders are double-acting, with steam admitted to each side of the piston in single trail harz. In a two-cylinder locomotive, one cylinder is located on each side of the vehicle, single trail harz. The cranks are set 90° out of phase. During a full rotation of the driving wheel, single trail harz, steam provides four power strokes; each cylinder receives two injections of steam per revolution.
The first stroke is to the front of the piston and the second stroke to the rear of the piston; hence two working strokes. Consequently, two deliveries of steam onto each piston face in the two cylinders generates a full revolution of the driving wheel. Each piston is attached to the driving axle on each side by a connecting rod, and the driving wheels are connected together by coupling rods to transmit power from the main driver to the other wheels.
40 Amazing Trains Trips in the US and Beyond | blogger.com
· Train travel is making a comeback, and for good reasons that involve romance, nostalgia, adventure, and elegance. While some locomotives offer a way to get from point A to B, others create a magical, once-in-a-lifetime experience that travelers never forget. Here Britain. The earliest railways employed horses to draw carts along rail tracks. In , William Murdoch, a Scottish inventor, built a small-scale prototype of a steam road locomotive in Birmingham. A full-scale rail steam locomotive was proposed by William Reynolds around An early working model of a steam rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer John Fitch in · Railtrail Tours - Quality escorted rail holidays by train. Enjoy a great rail route on the Jacobite across the Glenfinnan Viaduct and experience stunning views on the Ben Nevis cable cable with a wee dram at the Ben Nevis Distillery
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